Gender Pay Gap in Sports on a Fan-Request Celebrity Video Site

The internet is often thought of as a democratizer, enabling equality in aspects such as pay, as well as a tool introducing novel communication and monetization opportunities. In this study we examine athletes on Cameo, a website that enables bi-directional fan-celebrity interactions, questioning whether the well-documented gender pay gaps in sports persist in this digital setting. Traditional studies into gender pay gaps in sports are mostly in a centralized setting where an organization decides the pay for the players, while Cameo facilitates grass-roots fan engagement where fans pay for video messages from their preferred athletes. The results showed that even on such a platform gender pay gaps persist, both in terms of cost-per-message, and in the number of requests, proxied by number of ratings. For instance, we find that female athletes have a median pay of 30$ per-video, while the same statistic is 40$ for men. The results also contribute to the study of parasocial relationships and personalized fan engagements over a distance. Something that has become more relevant during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, where in-person fan engagement has often been limited. © 2023 Owner/Author.

COVID-19 and Gender Equality: An Abnormal Normality

"A woman has a right to survival, protection, participation, and development." Although much emphasis is being laid worldwide on gender equality, yet deep-rooted discrimination still prevails in society. Forever since, women have been victims of social conventions and are constantly being pulled down in personal, social, economic and political scenarios. History has warned us numerous times that crisis in health and economy can create huge force to put women's solicitude to the back stage. Today, the COVID-19 pandemic is worsening the most pervasive and insidious inequities that women everywhere have been facing in their lives. This paper discusses the different cultural barriers to women's participation and success in a global scenario, and how the pandemic has aggravated the conditions. It begins by discussing the relationship between economic development and female employment and thereafter argues that the traditional cultural norms, which vary across societies, help explain the large differences in female employment universally. The paper examines several gender-based social norms and how they constrain women's development and participation. The arguments are compared and collated with the COVID-19 pandemic situation to efficiently explain the seriousness of the scenario. In conclusion, the paper examples change that must be incorporated into policies that are aimed at overcoming these cultural barriers to female employment and the volume of the impact that they will have in the future.

Crowd work in STEM‐related fields: A window of opportunity from a gender perspective?

After the Global Financial Crisis (2008) many people found new job opportunities on crowd platforms. The COVID‐19 crisis reinforced this trend and virtual work is expected to increase. Although the working conditions of individuals engaged on these platforms is an emerging topic, of research, the existing literature tends to overlook the gendered dimension of the gig economy. Following a quantitative approach, based on the statistical analysis of 444 profiles (platform Freelancer.com in Spain and Argentina), we examine the extent to which the gig economy reproduces gender inequalities such as the underrepresentation of women in STEM‐related tasks and the gender pay gap. While the findings reveal lower participation of women than men, this gap is not higher in Argentina than in Spain. Moreover, gender variations in hourly wages are not as marked as expected, and such differences disappear once STEM skill levels are controlled for. Asymmetry in individuals' STEM skill level provides a better explanation than gender of the hourly wage differences. This finding opens a window of opportunity to mitigate the classical gender discrimination that women face in technological fields in traditional labor markets. Finally, the paper identifies some issues concerning the methodological bias entailed by the use of an application programming interface in cyber‐research, when analyzing gender inequalities.

GENDER PAY EQUITY IN TIMES OF PANDEMIC COVID-19: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW

Purpose: Building on previous research on gender pay equality, the purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of the pandemic by determining whether or not it has increased existing pay discrepancies and whether or not it has caused pay inequalities in the workplace. Research methodology: The method of systematic review of the literature and its guidelines has been used, which includes the following seven steps: Raise the research problems, select the sources and search strategies, establish the selection criteria, study selection, Quality evaluation, data extraction strategies and data synthesis, of research on the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on the gender wage gap. Findings: The data analysis shows the main publication medium where the articles were disseminated has a total of ten articles, becoming an important reference and where the main cause of the salary gap was the work carried out by women was the undervaluation compared to that carried out For men, a second factor is the report of fewer job opportunities. Research limitations: The information in this page may be extrapolated to all of our facilities. Nonetheless, further research is needed to corroborate these conclusions. The data comes from several sources, making bias less likely. Practical implications: The study suggests that labor organizations review their practices regarding the incorporation of their workers, with due respect for equality between men and women, understanding that both have the same opportunities, rights and, furthermore, that they must be evaluated based on the capacity development. Originality/Value: This study whose selection criteria of a large number of investigations of the main databases, led us to the analysis of sixty scientific articles, answering the research questions and establishing significant conclusions on the subject matter. © 2023 AOS-Estratagia and Inovacao. All Rights Reserved.

The decline of paid overtime working in Britain

The share of paid‐for overtime hours within total paid‐for hours worked in Britain has declined from 5.4% to 2.0% between 1997 and 2020. We investigate this decline, focussing on its distribution across full‐time (f/t) and part‐time males and females and across 19 one‐digit industries. It is established that f/t males are dominant in the decline both of overtime working and overtime hours. We explore the implications of the decline on the share of overtime pay within total pay as well as on the gender pay gap. We test for economic, structural and cyclical influences on overtime working via a two‐part regression model that allows us to differentiate between the incidence of overtime working and weekly overtime hours of overtime employees. We examine how paid‐for overtime has varied with collective bargaining coverage, low pay, the 2008 financial crisis, the arrival of Covid‐19, job mobility and the public/private sector dichotomy. Combined marginal effects of changes in the incidence of overtime working and weekly overtime hours are also provided. The influence of the decline of collective bargaining in the last two decades on overtime working is highlighted using Blinder–Oaxaca decompositions.

Diversity concerns during a major crisis: Effective response through social innovation

PurposeThis paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies.Design/methodology/approachThis briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds their own impartial comments and places the articles in context.FindingsThe impact of major crises like the COVID-19 pandemic is more profound on various groups deemed to be vulnerable. Social innovation initiatives offer ways to effectively address the needs and challenges of these diverse groups and reduce effects which can become more disparate within emerging nations where commitment to equality and diversity issues is low.Originality/valueThe briefing saves busy executives and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format.

Industry-specific upskilling of seasonal tourism workers: Does occupational gender inequality matter?

Due to technological change and growing digitalization of the workplaces, the post-pandemic economic recovery offers opportunities for workers to upgrade their industry-specific skills in different sectors, including tourism, where an increasing shortage in the seasonal tier of the labor market is emerging. Various barriers have been identified as key factors preventing both tourism firms from implementing skill development interventions, and workers from co-investing in training. An under-investigated possible barrier is women's occupational segregation, both horizontal and vertical. This paper looks at the former type of segregation, the most frequent in the tourism industry, by showing that this condition penalizes women's willingness to invest in specific training. Data come from a dedicated survey administered to a sample of seasonal employees who worked in the Rimini Province (Italy) during the summer of 2019 and applies a twofold regression analysis followed by an Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition. Our findings contribute to the debate on gender equality in the tourism industry and on the gendered impact of COVID-19 on workers' careers.

Crowd work in STEM‐related fields: A window of opportunity from a gender perspective?

After the Global Financial Crisis (2008) many people found new job opportunities on crowd platforms. The COVID-19 crisis reinforced this trend and virtual work is expected to increase. Although the working conditions of individuals engaged on these platforms is an emerging topic, of research, the existing literature tends to overlook the gendered dimension of the gig economy. Following a quantitative approach, based on the statistical analysis of 444 profiles (platform Freelancer.com in Spain and Argentina), we examine the extent to which the gig economy reproduces gender inequalities such as the underrepresentation of women in STEM-related tasks and the gender pay gap. While the findings reveal lower participation of women than men, this gap is not higher in Argentina than in Spain. Moreover, gender variations in hourly wages are not as marked as expected, and such differences disappear once STEM skill levels are controlled for. Asymmetry in individuals' STEM skill level provides a better explanation than gender of the hourly wage differences. This finding opens a window of opportunity to mitigate the classical gender discrimination that women face in technological fields in traditional labor markets. Finally, the paper identifies some issues concerning the methodological bias entailed by the use of an application programming interface in cyber-research, when analyzing gender inequalities.

The effect of COVID-19 and the wage compensation measure on income-related gender disparities

Many countries implemented wage compensation measures during the COVID-19 crisis to alleviate income losses and avoid employment reductions. We focus on the gender dimension of incomes in Estonia, which has been grappling with the highest gender wage gap in Europe, and investigate whether the crisis and related wage compensation may have worsened existing gender imbalances. Using detailed administrative datasets and EUROMOD microsimulation model, we show that the COVID-19 crisis had a significant negative effect on employment income for both men and women, but the wage compensation implemented in 2020 appeared to cushion these effects. Income losses were slightly higher for men, but the cushioning effect of the compensation was higher for women. Overall, income-related gender disparities did not change significantly during the crisis. Still, the wage compensation measure has contributed to preventing income-related gender disparities increasing further, particularly in the hotels and restaurants sector and wholesale and retail trade sector.

Reflections on Total Rewards around the Globe

[...]the articles in this issue do not focus on narrow topics that are of interest only to a select few, but grand challenges that organizations and societies are trying desperately to solve. [...]certain articles in this issue engage with long-standing debates in the compensation and rewards literature, namely, how do pay-for-performance practices and the use of incentives relate to individuals' motivation and performance? [...]this issue is consistent with the recent, important directions taken by WorldatWork and the editors of JTR - toward a broader global perspective on rewards.

Career & Family: Women’s Century-Long Journey Toward Equity. By Claudia Goldin,. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2021. Pp v, 325. $27.95, hardcover

Not only did women enter the workforce in large numbers, they increasingly combined marriage, childbearing, and market work. [...]women increasingly occupied “careers” rather than “jobs,” distinguished by their anticipated time frame and centrality to a person’s identity. Throughout these chapters, Goldin discusses a number of compel-ling explanations for group-to-group transitions, including institutions, social norms, a structural shift away from manufacturing, and medical advances like the birth control pill and assisted reproductive technologies. [...]Career & Family tells a compelling story about the progress of American college-educated women over the course of the twentieth century.

Position of Women in Economics in Post Pandemic Era

How much is determined by the fact that women in general tend to have less access to different markets or have fewer assets or less income available to them? [...]the chief concern of this paper is to explore the changing dynamics that are caused during the pandemic and post -19 and what measures to be taken to uplift the position of women in the economy is the highlighting concern of the paper. Once women are responsible for care, even when they get employment, they are still seen as for ensuring the care of their family, which in turn means that they get a double burden of paid and unpaid care work. Because of the fact that women do this unpaid work at home, one is much more likely to confined to the homes leading to less mobility and ability to interact and certainly access to the paid employment would be very much limited which means they have less economic and social status. By embracing narrow or outdated definitions of work, economists and government agencies over look these vital areas and leave women workers, already the most vulnerable even without minimal protections. [...]all of this boils down to one fundamental idea of power imbalances being absolutely crucial to economic processes. Insights India's multistructural system divides labour into two categories: self-employed and wage earners, with the latter further segregated into regular wage earners and casual employees. Because labour is swallowed by capital throughout the globalisation and marketization of the economy, women are given the lowest-skilled and lowestpaying jobs.

A Woman's Work

Millage offers insights about equity for women in the workplace. Although the gender pay gap has decreased by 5%, there is still a long way to go before reaching the goal of gender parity, notes the recent Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development study, Towards Improved Retirement Savings Outcomes for Women. The study points out that the COVID-19 crisis is threatening this progress, particularly in light of the adverse impacts the pandemic is having on women. As has been well-documented, women are more likely to hold part-time positions, which are more vulnerable to lay-offs. These conditions can keep women from reaching the top in organizations.

India's missing working women: Tracing the journey of women's economic contribution over the last seven decades, and during COVID-19

India today is an economic powerhouse on the global stage. However, it faces a queer conundrum. Despite considerable gains in female education, decreases in fertility rates and increasing economic growth, only a fourth of its women are in the labor force, amongst the lowest in the world. Based on analysis of time series data over the last seven decades (1950-2018), this paper finds that women's labor force and workforce participation rates have secularly declined to their lowest levels since Independence. Women's wages have consistently been below men, with weighted average wage gaps increasing from 59% in 1993, to 72% in 2018. The fall in labor force participation has been led by women in rural areas, while female unemployment rates have remained higher than men in urban areas. We find that occupational segregation and concentration of women in low-growth sectors, income effect of rising household earnings, increased mechanization and gender gaps in tertiary education and skill training are leading factors behind the observed labor market outcomes. Recent high-frequency data shows that 15 million women lost their jobs in the first month of the COVID-19 induced lockdown. Even as the overall size of the labor force shrunk by 3% between November 2019 to November 2020, the size of the labor force shrunk by 13% for women, vs. 2% for men. Bringing women back to the workforce requires a differentiated approach, targeting different segments, especially informal workers, microentrepreneurs and the formal sector. Therefore, a diverse mix of targeted policy interventions like gender quotas in public works, easier access to credit for female micro-entrepreneurs, preferential procurement for women-owned business, greater flexibility in workplace arrangements and gender targets for skill training among others would help retain and promote workforce participation for women.

Women Hold Up Half the Sky: At What Cost?

During this shift in learning structure, I also needed to seriously consider students' personal health and financial status that were dramatically affected by COVID-19. [...]I felt the heavy weight of the pandemic working as a women's health nurse practitioner in a quaternary-level hospital in Philadelphia, PA. The Chinese proverb illuminates the contribution of women in holding up half the sky, but the pandemic created a more challenging environment for women across the globe and begs the question, at what cost? $ Jamille Nagtalon-Ramos, EdD, MSN, WHNP-BC, IBCLC, FAANP Assistant Professor Rutgers University - Camden Camden, NJ References Berlin, G., Lapointe, M., & Murphy, M. (2022). Institute for Women's Policy Research. https://iwpr. org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/The-Pandemic-Effect_SurveyBrief_FINAL.pdf U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

WOMEN IN EDUCATION

According to Professor John Buchanan: "The earnings for female teachers compared to the average paid to all female professionals has fa lien by 8 per cent in the last 30 years. In thefield of Education and Training its it sat around 11.4 percent The gender pay gap is influenced by a number of factors including: * discrimination and bias in hiring and pay decisions * women and men working in different industries and different jobs, with female-dominated industries and jobs attracting lower wages * women's disproportionate share of unpaid caringand domestic work * lack of workplace flexibility to accommodate caring and other responsibilities, especially in senior roles [...]of the extra time women spend in unpaid care work, they have fewer promotions opportunities and are less likely than men to hold highly rewarded jobs.

Framing Feminicides—A Quantitative Content Analysis of News Stories in Four Colombian Newspapers

Colombia is marked by high levels of gender-based violence. In 2020, 630 women were murdered because of their gender. The number of these feminicides increased under the coronavirus lockdown that began in March 2020. Although the news media play a crucial role in shaping the public’s notion of feminicides, empirical studies on the media’s portrayal of feminicides in Colombia are scarce. The present study involved a quantitative content analysis of articles published in four Colombian newspapers to determine how they reported on feminicides from August 2019 to July 2020 (sample size: 139 articles, comprising 1798 paragraphs). The period under investigation allowed for a comparison of news coverage before and during the lockdown. By means of hierarchical cluster analysis, we identified four frames: “gender-based inequalities and discrimination against women”, “perpetrators in front of the court”, “prehistory and course of events of the feminicide”, and “reactions of neighbors, eyewitnesses, and villagers to the feminicide”. Our findings suggest that the four newspapers under investigation paint rather similar pictures of feminicides. We also found that the date an article was published in relation to the COVID-19 quarantine had little influence on the frequency at which the clusters appeared.

Working mothers in East and West Germany: a cluster analysis using a three-stage approach

Purpose>The second Frankfurt Career Study was conducted in 2017 in East and West Germany to analyze the impact of motherhood on female professional advancement in the specific national context of Germany. In addition, this study aims to present a unique perspective of the similarities and dissimilarities between the Western and Eastern parts of the country.Design/methodology/approach>The research is presented as a three-stage statistical approach based on quantitative data generated from a survey conducted among 2,130 working mothers. In the first step, the authors performed a multiple correspondence analysis to explore the relationships between important categorical variables. Using the object scores obtained in the first step, we then ran a hierarchical cluster analysis, followed by the third and last step: using the k-means clustering method to partition the survey respondents into groups.Findings>The authors found that working mothers in Germany are distributed according to four clusters mainly described by demographics and orientation toward work. East Germany has been found as a more egalitarian context than West Germany with respect to family system arrangements. However, the upper bound of the sample in West Germany presented an atypical female breadwinner model in high-performance households.Originality/value>The authors want to contribute to previous investigations on the topic by providing a more comprehensive view of the phenomenon, especially comparing the two different family systems and social norms from the Eastern and Western parts of the country. The authors ask whether and how career perspectives and female labor supply are influenced by drivers such as work–family conflict determinants, working mothers demographics, partner support and employer support.

Impact of the first wave of Covid-19 on the trends of ICT Professionals’ wages in the Czech Republic

The article discusses the impact of the first wave of Covid-19 on the trend of ICT Professionals’ wages in the Czech Republic. The first goal of the article is to analyze the impact of the first wave of Covid-19 on the trend of ICT Professionals’ wages in the Czech Republic. We analyzed also gender pay gap also based on it as the second goal of the article. For analyzing the wage trend, we used data from Trexima, a.s. for the years 2016-2020. We used standard MS Excel tools to analyze the obtained time series data. The results show that the impact of the first wave of Covid-19 on the nominal gross wages of ICT Professionals was minimal. We have also found out that the gender gap pay still exists. However, the positive information is that the gender pay gap decreased during the analyzed time period and that the trend lines also indicate its decrease in the future - the average wage by 3.7 percentage points and the median wage by 3.7 percentage points as well. © Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Strategic Management and its Support by Information Systems 2021, SMSIS 2021.